Pholadidae – Piddocks

Description

 

Piddocks have rather uniquely evolved shells. Rather than containing their body fully inside a bivalve shell enclosure, they burrow a cavity into wood, rock, and depend on other materials as well (including other shells) for their protection. To accomplish this, the main shell halves each have formed into separable, movable, grinding plates, which are usually too small to completely encircle the mollusc. These rounded plates have stubby external spikes on the anterior sides, for grating much like a nutmeg grater. Each half-shell also has a unique spoon shaped apophysis on the inside surface. This serves as a muscle attachment to allow dorsal/ventral movement in addition to anteror/posterior movement (See bottom figure on this page). Several additional points of attachment mark other muscle bundles that facilitate rotational movement. Ciliary currents of water flush out the debris while the shell assembly operates against a rock surface much as a pestil and mortar function to grind hard materials.

 

The two principal shells leave large gaps over the bivalve’s soft body parts. In the adult, the gaps may later become covered by a number of flexible supplementary plates (protoplax, metaplax, mesoplax, and siphonoplax). The siphonoplax, for example, consists of two half round collars that fully encircle the large siphon of the clam, providing some degree of flexible protection.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Myoida

Superfamily: Pholadacea

Family: Pholadidae

Major Genera

• Genus: Barnea
• Genus: Chaceia
• Genus: Cyrtopleura
• Genus: Martesia
• Genus: Pholas

• Genus: Zirfaea

 

Aspidopholas tubigera Barnea alfredensis Barnea australasiae Barnea candida Barnea dilatata Barnea japonica Barnea lamellosa Barnea latissima Barnea manilensis Barnea manilensis elongata Barnea obturamentum Barnea parva Barnea similis Barnea subtruncata Barnea truncata Cyrtopleura costata Cyrtopleura crucigera Cyrtopleura lanceolata Diplothyra smithii Jouannetia cumingii Jouannetia duchassaingi Jouannetia globulosa Jouannetia pectinata Jouannetia quillingi Martesia affinis Martesia cuneiformis Martesia fragilis Martesia striata Netastoma darwinii Nipponopholas satoi Parapholas californica Parapholas calva Parapholas quadrizonata Penitella conradi Penitella gabbii Penitella kamakurensis Penitella penita Penitella turnerae Pholadidea acherontea Pholadidea esmeraldensis Pholadidea loscombiana Pholadidea melanura Pholadidea quadra Pholadidea spathulata Pholadidea tubifera Pholas campechiensis Pholas chiloensis Pholas dactylus

Pectinidae – Scallops

Description

This large and diverse group of bivalves has a single, fused adductor muscle, and a hinge bearing a socket-like arrangement. The foot is greatly reduced and no siphons have developed along the mantle edge. All scallops possess well developed but tiny eyes set along the edge of the fleshy mantle (See link at right, below; Giant Rock Scallop). Scallops respond instantly to changes in light intensity or nearby moving objects.

Some species of scallops are renowned for their ability to swim. A scallop swims by clapping its valves to ingest water. When the valves close, it then propels water at great force near the hinge, by means of the velum. The velum is a curtain-like fold of the mantle that is used to direct the flow of expelled water around the hinge, much like a pair of movable jets, or lips. Normal swimming is in the direction of the valve opening, but the scallop can sharply change direction with its velum. 

 

Species in the genus Chlamys are sedentary and live attached by a byssus under rocks in intertidal areas. Scallops are found in all seas, from shallow water to great depths.

 

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Pterioida

Superfamily: Pectinacea

Family: Pectinidae

 

Major Genera

 

• Genus: Aequipecten
• Genus: Amusium
• Genus: Argopecten
• Genus: Chlamys
• Genus: Cyclopecten
• Genus: Cryptopecten
• Genus: Delectopecten
• Genus: Hinnites
• Genus: Leptopecten
• Genus: Lyropecten
• Genus: Patinopecten
• Genus: Pecten
• Genus: Placopecten
• Genus: Propeamussium

• Genus: Pseudamussium

 

Adamussium colbecki Aequipecten commutatus Aequipecten flabellum Aequipecten glyptus Aequipecten heliacus Aequipecten lineolaris Aequipecten opercularis Aequipecten tehuelchus Amusium japonicum Amusium pleuronectes Anguipecten gregoryi Anguipecten lamberti Anguipecten pacificus Anguipecten picturatus Anguipecten simoneae Anguipecten superbus Annachlamys flabellatus Annachlamys iredalei Annachlamys kuhnholtzi Annachlamys reevei Annachlamys striatula Antillipecten antillarum Argopecten gibbus Argopecten irradians Argopecten noronhensis Argopecten nucleus Argopecten purpuratus Argopecten ventricosus Austrochlamys natans Azumapecten farreri Azumapecten ruschenbergerii Bractechlamys adorabilis Bractechlamys corallinoides Bractechlamys langfordi Bractechlamys nodulifera Bractechlamys oweni Bractechlamys vexillum Caribachlamys mildredae Caribachlamys ornatus Caribachlamys pellucens Caribachlamys sentis Chlamys albida Chlamys amandi Chlamys behringiana Chlamys chosenica Chlamys cytherea Chlamys hastata Chlamys islandica Chlamys rosealbus Chlamys rubida Chlamys strategus Mimachlamys cloacata Mimachlamys erycina Complicachlamys wardiana Coralichlamys madreporarum Crassadoma gigantea Cryptopecten bernardi Cryptopecten bullatus Cryptopecten nux Cryptopecten phrygium Cryptopecten vesiculosus Decatopecten amiculum Decatopecten plica Decatopecten radula Delectopecten alcocki Delectopecten fosterianus Delectopecten macrocheiricola Delectopecten musorstomi Delectopecten polyleptus Delectopecten vancouverensis Delectopecten vitreus Delectopecten zacae Dentamussium obliteratum Equichlamys bifrons Euvola chazaliei Euvola galapagensis Euvola laurenti Euvola marensis Euvola papyracea Euvola perula

Ostreidae – Oysters

Description

The Ostreidae, or true oysters, are the food oysters of commerce world-wide. While all oysters are capable of secreting the nacre that forms pearls, those of the Ostreidae family are inconsequential (gemstone pearls are commercially harvested from oysters of the more distantly related Pteriidae family).

Despite obvious shell differences, oysters and scallops (Pectinidae) are related in that both molluscs have a central adductor muscle with the characteristic central shell scar. In the Ostreidae, the central adductor muscle is  much larger and not bounded by ridges. Radial ribbing if present subdivides and is more irregular, as is also the shell shape, which beomes distorted by cementation to other objects. If present, denticles or teeth along the shell margin are characteristic of individual species. The remarkable Cock’s Comb oyster is typically heavily encrusted by sponges, as shown in the live photos, at right below.

Reproductive behavior in the oyster is remarkable in that both oviparous (egg   bearing) and larviparous (larvae bearing) species are found. The larviparous species, of which Ostreia edulisis typical, show a life history of alternating sex changes in the same individual, whereas the oviparous species, e.g., O. virginica, or O. gigas, are essentially hermaphroditic and may produce either predominantly male or predominantly female gametes depending on environmental temperature and nutrient availability (Morton, 1960).

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorphia

Order: Ostreina

Superfamily: Ostreacea

Family: Ostreidae

Major Genera

• Genus: Crassostrea
• Genus: Hyotissa
• Genus: Lopha
• Genus: Ostrea
• Genus: Saccostrea

 

Alectryonella plicatula Ambigostrea pseudovillei Booneostrea subucula Crassostrea angulata Crassostrea belcheri Crassostrea columbiensis Crassostrea dactylena Crassostrea gigas Crassostrea mangle Crassostrea nippona Crassostrea praia Crassostrea rhizophorae Crassostrea rivularis Crassostrea titan Crassostrea virginica Cryptostrea permollis Cubitostrea plicata radiosa Curvostrea rouvillei Dendostrea cristata Dendostrea folium Dendostrea frons Dendostrea rosacea Dendostrea sandvichensis Gigantostrea gigantica Lopha cristagalli Lopha imbricata Lopha syphax Nanostrea fluctigera Nicaisolopha tridacnaeformis Ostrea algoensis Ostrea angasi Ostrea atherstonei Ostrea chilensis Ostrea chilensis lutaria Ostrea chilensis charlottae Ostrea conchaphila Ostrea denselamellosa Ostrea edulis Ostrea edulis lamellosa Ostrea equestris Ostrea leveretti Ostrea puelchana Ostrea stentina Ostrea stentina capsa Peilinia quadriplicata Planostrea pestigris Rastellum carinatum Saccostrea circumsuta Saccostrea cucullata Saccostrea glomerata Saccostrea glomerata commercialis Saccostrea palmula Saccostrea scyphophilla Striostrea circumpicta Striostrea margaritacea Striostrea paucichomata

Mytilidae – Sea Mussels

Description

Pear-shaped, these bivalves typically attach to the surfaces of surf-beaten rocks. A strong byssus near the hinge fastens the mussel to rock, where the surf brings ample oxygen and food. However numerous genera have adapted to other habitats, including sand burrows. Many genera in this family have continued down from the Paleozoic era essentially unchanged. Two major groupings within this family are the Modiolus and Mytilis genera. Looked at on-edge, both genera are distinguished by a beak; near the hinge for Mytilis. The beak is somewhat distant from the hinge for Modiolus.
A principal food worldwide, mussels aggregate in large colonies. They are periodically rendered poisonous by the “red tide” dinoflagellates; i.e., microscopic one-celled protozoans that bloom during warm temperature regimes. The dinoflagellates are filtered out into the mussel’s gill cavities, by which people who later eat the mussel can be poisoned. The poison is not destroyed by cooking. Mussel colonies are usually preyed upon by starfish (an echinoderm, not a mollusk) and by Thais gastropods in the Murex family.

The genera, Pinna and Atrina typically attach to small stones with mutliple byssus threads, while Modiolus and Geukensia bury in peat or coarse sediments also using byssus threads

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorpha

Order: Mytiloida

Superfamily: Mytilacea

Family: Mytilidae

 Major Genera

• Genus: Adula
• Genus: Aulacomya
• Genus: Amygdalum
• Genus: Brachidontes
• Genus: Crenella
• Genus: Geukensia
• Genus: Modiolus
• Genus: Musculus
• Genus: Mytella
• Genus: Perna
• Genus: Septifer

 

 

Adipicola arcuatilis Adipicola crypta Adipicola iwaotakii Adipicola osseocola Adipicola pacifica Adipicola pelagica Amygdalum anoxicolum Amygdalum peasei Amygdalum politum Amygdalum sagittatum Amygdalum soyoae Amygdalum striatum Amygdalum watsoni Arcuatula arcuatula Arcuatula capensis Arcuatula glaberrima Arcuatula papyria Arcuatula perfragilis Arcuatula senhousia Arenifodiens vagina Arvella japonica Arvella pectinula Aulacomya atra Bathymodiolus aduloides Bathymodiolus hirtus Bathymodiolus mauritanicus Bathymodiolus platifrons Bathymodiolus securiformis Bathymodiolus septemdierum Benthomodiolus lignocola Botula fusca Botula hawaiensis Brachidontes blakeanus Brachidontes crebristriatus Brachidontes erosus Brachidontes granulatus Brachidontes maritimus Brachidontes modiolus Brachidontes mutabilis Brachidontes pharaonis Brachidontes puniceus Brachidontes rodriguezii Brachidontes sculptus Brachidontes semilaevis Brachidontes virgiliae Choromytilus palliopunctatus Ciboticola lunata Crenella arenaria Crenella decussata Crenella divaricata Crenella pellucida Dacrydium abyssorum Dacrydium minimum Dacrydium ockelmanni Dacrydium pacificum Dacrydium vitreum Dacrydium wareni Geukensia demissa Geukensia granosissima Gibbomodiola adriatica Gregariella denticulata Gregariella difficilis Gregariella petagnae Gregariella semigranata Idas cristiani Idas emmae Idas filippoi Idas ghisottii Idas hiranoi Idas jaclinae Idas japonicus Idas modiolaeformis Idas simpsoni Ischadium recurvum Jolya arata Jolya elongata Jolya martorelli Jolya rhomboidea Leiosolenus spatiosus Limnoperna fortunei

 

Malleidae – Hammer Oysters

Description Hammer oysters are hinged at the top of the “T” (in the picture), where a small byssus emerges at the back. The hinge is held by an oblique ligament rather than teeth, and the shell is partially nacreous. One might think of this oyster as having evolved the straight-edged hinge of the pearl oyster to an absurd length. A single large adductor muscle lies at the cross of the T, and the exhalant current is discharged at the hinge. Most live in the crevices of coral rocks or on reef flats, in tropical regions.   Classification Class: Bivalvia Subclass: Pteriomorphia Order: Pterioida Superfamily: Pteriacea Family: Malleidae   Major Genera  Genus: Malleus Genus: Malvimalleus

 

albus                   anatinus             candeanus            claemoniacus      legumen

malleus           regula

Mactridae – Surf Clams

Description

Surf clams like to burrow in rocks, and the shell is consequently quite strongly constructed.  The shell surface is smooth, with concentric growth lines, and covered with a thin periostracum. The resilium (part of the hinge ligament inside the edges of the valves) is large and situated in a chondrophore, the spoon-shaped pit on the interior of the bivalve shell that contains the internal ligament. Lateral teeth are usually present, and the cardinal teetah are weekened. The mantle line has a posterior sinus.

  

 

The shell shown opposite, Mactrellona exoleta, is actually rather similar to Mactrellona clisia. However, a sharp angulation on the left (posterior) end, and the absence of a “keel” at the edge where the shell is flattened identifies it as M. exoleta

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Mactracea

Family: Mactridae

Major Genera

• Genus: Anatina
• Genus: Lutraria
• Genus: Mactra
• Genus: Mactrellona
• Genus: Raeta
• Genus: Rangia
• Genus: Spisula
• Genus: Tresus

 

Anatina anatina Austromactra contraria Austromactra rufescens Crassula aequilatera Cyclomactra ovata Cyclomactra tristis Darina rustica Darina solenoides Diaphoromactra versicolor Harvella elegans Heterocardia gibbosula Leptospisula nivea Lutraria angustior Lutraria capensis Lutraria curta Lutraria lutraria Lutraria maxima Lutraria oblonga Lutraria rhynchaena Lutraria senegalensis Lutraria sieboldii Lutraria steynlussii Lutraria turneri Mactra abbreviata Mactra achatina Mactra aequisulcata Mactra alta Mactra antiquata Mactra artensis Mactra australis Mactra chinensis Mactra cineraria Mactra crossei Mactra cumingii Mactra cuneata Mactra cygnus Mactra deshayesi Mactra dissimilis Mactra eximia Mactra fuegiensis Mactra glabrata Mactra glauca Mactra grandis Mactra hians Mactra incarnata Mactra iridescens Mactra isabelleana Mactra lilacea Mactra luzonica Mactra maculata Mactra marplatensis Mactra mitis Mactra nipponica Mactra olorina Mactra ordinaria Mactra patagonica Mactra petitii Mactra pura Mactra pusilla Mactra quadrangularis Mactra queenslandica Mactra rochebrunei Mactra sauliana Mactra sericea Mactra stultorum Mactra thaanumi Mactra turgida Mactra violacea Mactra westralis Mactrotoma angulifera Mactrotoma angusta Mactrotoma antecedens Mactrotoma californica Mactrotoma depressa Mactrotoma explanata Mactrotoma isthmica Mactrotoma nasuta Nannomactra matthewsi Mactrellona alata Mactrellona clisia

Lucinidae – Lucina Clams

Description A large, well-known family of usually white, hard-shelled clams in which the cardinal teeth are small, and the anterior muscle scar is narrow and long. There are no long siphons, so the clams make a tube to the surface with their foot. Many genera and species, worldwide, shallow to deep water. The tropical clam Lucina pectinata contains a unique hemoglobin (HbI) which serves to transport hydrogen sulfide to autotrophic bacteria that live endosymbiotically (within the host’s tissues). The bacteria provide a clear example, as to how these clams survive in both the oxic sea environment and the hypersaline, anoxic environment near sea floor vents. Mutualisms like this example are ancient and underscored by multiple lines of evidence (Hickman, 2003). Classification Class: Bivalvia Subclass: Heterodonta Order: Veneroida Superfamily: Lucinacea Family: Lucinidae   Major Genera  Genus: Lucina Genus: Phacoides Genus: Cokakia Genus: Miltha Genus: Anodontia Genus: Divaricella

 

Afrophysema eutornus Alucinoma alis Anodontia alba Anodontia edentula Loripinus fragilis Pegophysema bialata Austriella corrugata Barbierella louisiensis Barbierella scitula Bathyaustriella thionipta Bourdotia boschorum Cardiolucina civica Cardiolucina pisum Cardiolucina quadrata Cardiolucina semperiana Cavatidens omissa Cavilinga blanda Cavilinga lampra Cavilucina fieldingi Chavania erythraea Chavania striata Clathrolucina costata Codakia distinguenda Codakia interrupta Codakia miniata Codakia minuata Codakia orbicularis Codakia paytenorum Codakia punctata Codakia rugifera Codakia thaanumi Codakia tigerina Cryptophysema vesicula Ctena bella Ctena clarionensis Ctena clippertonensis Ctena decussata Ctena delicatula Ctena divergens Ctena eburnea Ctena galapagana Ctena imbricatula Ctena mexicana Ctena orbiculata Ctena reevei Ctena sulphurea Ctena valida Discolucina solomonensis Divalinga bardwelli Divalinga dalliana Divalinga dentata Divalinga quadrisulcata Divalucina cumingi Divalucina soyoae Divaricella angulifera Divaricella discors Divaricella huttoniana Divaricella ornatissima Dulcina guidoi Dulcina karubari Dulcina madagascariensis Dulcina minor Dulcina musorstomi Elliptiolucina ingens Elliptiolucina labeyriei Elliptiolucina magnifica Epicodakia falklandica Epicodakia minima Epicodakia perobliqua Epicodakia sweeti Epicodakia tatei Epidulcina delphinae Epilucina californica Euanodontia ovum Ferrocina brunei Ferrocina garciai Ferrocina multiradiata Fimbria fimbriata Fimbria soverbii Funafutia levukana

BIVALVIA-LUCINIDA-LUCINOIDEA – Family: LUCINIDAE Fleming, 1828 – (847 species, 20 var)- Sea

Limidae – Flame Clams

Description

The Limidae family are related to the scallops but typically remain attached to substrates with byssal threads, often spinning a nest of threads. The molluscs are largely found in sea floor sand of the tropics, but also in waters beyond the Arctic and Antarctic Circles.  Long sticky tentacles are generally visible, which in Lima hians, are colored a brilliant orange. In other species, a scarlet mantle and gill may be found. Some Lima species can actually swim like scallops (see for example Pectinidae), by clapping their shells together then expelling a water as a directed jet steam; for example, Lima hians.

 

The Limidae family systematics have been revised, and some older names are in error (see Mikkelsen & Bieler, Invertebrate Systematics 17(5): 667 – 710, 1996). Lima squamosa(Lamarck, 1801), which this shell was labelled is a misidentification.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorphia

Order: Pterioida

Suborder: Ostreina

Family: Limidae

Major Genera

• Genus: Acesta
• Genus: Lima
• Genus: Limaria
• Genus: Limea
• Genus: Limatula (Antarctolima)

Acesta angolensis Acesta borneensis Acesta bullisi Acesta celebensis Acesta citrina Acesta colombiana Acesta diomedae Acesta excavata Acesta goliath Acesta marissinica Acesta maui Acesta patagonica Acesta philippinensis Acesta rathbuni Acesta saginata Acesta smithi Acesta verdensis Ctenoides ales Ctenoides annulata Ctenoides concentricus Ctenoides lischkei Ctenoides mitis Ctenoides philippinarum Ctenoides scaber Divarilima albicoma Divarilima iwaotakii Escalima regularis Lima bullifera Lima caribaea Lima ceylanica Lima divaricata Lima fujitai Lima gemina Lima lima Lima marioni Lima nakayasui Lima nimbifer Lima quantoensis Lima sagamiensis Lima sowerbyi Lima tetrica Lima tomlini Lima tropicalis Lima vulgaris Lima vulgatula Lima zealandica Limaria africana Limaria auaua Limaria basilanica Limaria cumingii Limaria dentata Limaria fragilis Limaria hakodatensis Limaria hemphilli Limaria hians Limaria hirasei Limaria kawamurai Limaria keohea Limaria lahaina Limaria loscombi Limaria orbignyi Limaria orientalis Limaria pacifica Limaria parallela Limaria pellucida Limaria rotundata Limaria thryptica Limaria tuberculata Limatula acherontis Limatula bullata Limatula delli Limatula gwyni Limatula hodgsoni Limatula japonica Limatula maoria Limatula ovalis Limatula powelli Limatula pusilla Limatula raoulica Limatula regularis

Glycymerididae – Bittersweet Clams

Description Glycymeridae shells are similar to Ark shells in having a taxodont hinge; namely a hinge showing along the edges, two rows of similarly shaped teeth arranged in a chevron-like paattern (top to bottom, at right in the picture below). Generally, the shell is so symmetrical that identifying the front from posterior ends is difficult without seeing the live mollusc. The foot would protrude from the front end, and the siphons from the posterior. In the specimen shown here, a faint muscle scar (near the bottom right) identifies its posterior end  While not deepwater forms, the Glycymeridae do not tolerate intertidal conditions well. They are generally dredged from moderately deep waters.  Classification Class: Bivalvia Subclass: Pteriomorphia Order: Arcoida Superfamily: Limopsacea Family: Glycymerididae   Single Genus: Glycymeri

 

Glycymeri

albolineata         americana            arabica                 aspersa              australis

bimaculata         cisshuensis            concentrica         connollyi            dampierensis

decussata            flammea               formosa                   tumida             fulgurata

gigantea           glycymeris             grayana                holoserica          impasta

imperialis           lintea               livida                    longior              maculata

martini              mayi                    modesta                   nummaria         ovata

persimilis           pilsbryi                queketti                radians                rafaelmesai

reevei                  rotunda                scripta                 septentrionalis    shutoi

spectralis      stellata                      vovan                    striatularis            tenuicostata

terebratularis     paucidentata      undata                vanhengstumi       vestita

yessoensis

Kerang di Pasar

Kerang Hijau                                                                             Kerang Kampak

Kerang Bambu                                                               Kerang madu

Kerang Darah                                        Kerang tahu

Kerang Kepa                                                     Kerang simping

Kerang Buluh                                                      Kerang Abalone

Kerang batik

Kerang gajah                                                                          Kerang Kupang

Kerang Kijing                                                            Kerang Lokan

Kerang Laya                                                         Kerang Pensi

Kerang salju                                              Kerang Tiram

Siput Tanduk                                                         Siput Gonggong

Siput Ranga

Keong Macan                                                            Keong nenek

Keong mas                                                 Keong Tutut

Tutut laut