Monarch Butterfly

Meet the Hickory Horned Devil

Sphingidae, Hawk-moth family The Hawkmoth with the largest caterpillar is the migrant Death’s Head Hawkmoth, reaching 125mm

Tiger Swallowtail — Papilio glaucus

The larva of the tobacco hornworm moth

Polyphemus moth Antheraea

Antherina suraka

Monoleuca semifacia,

Spotted Apatelodes moth larva

Luna moth.

Caterpillar larva of the Owl moth (Brahmaea certhia

the tussock moth.

Milkweed Tussock Moth caterpillar

Nymphalid Crow Butterfly Caterpillar

Lagarta da espécie ‘Calcarifera ordinata’, da família Limacodidae, encontrada na Austrália. The Wattle Cup Caterpillar (Calcarifera ordinata),

Stinging Nettle Slug Caterpillar (Cup Moth, Setora sp., Limacodidae) ”

Slug Moth Caterpillar

the caterpillar of the Imperial Moth

The Sycamore caterpillar [Acronicta aceris]

Saturniidae Moth

Deathhead Hawk Moth Caterpillar

Lily moth

Paralaea beggaria

Tussock moth caterpillar

Antheraea Polyphemus (Polyphemys Silk Moth

Four Spotted Cup Moth Caterpillar (Doratifera quadriguttata)

Caterpillar of Spurge Hawk-moth (Hyles euphorbiae)

geometer moth.

Eumorpha fasciatus

The spun glass caterpillar (Isochaetes beutenmuelleri) – a caterpillar that looks like a real life crystal creature

Silkmoths

Cricula Silkmoth Caterpillar (Cricula trifenestrata)

Caterpillar rare Parnassius apollo

Theodosia perakensis

Goth Moth

Euploea midamus singapura (Blue Spotted Crow)

Swallowtails(Papilio machaon)

Puss moth

Papilioninae

The saddleback caterpillar,

Calleta Silkmoth Caterpillar

Eupackardia calleta

The snake head

Hemeroplanes caterpillar

Attacus edwardsii

Hickory Horned Devil – Citheronia regalis. The adult moth is the largest moth by mass

Fruit-piercing moth.

emperor caterpillar

Polyphemus Moth Pfauenspinner

Stinging Nettle Slug Caterpillar (Cup Moth, Thosea sp., Limacodidae)

Stinging Nettle Slug Caterpillar (Cup

Hyles euphorbiae, Spurge Hawkmoth.

Orgyia leucostigma (white-marked tussock moth

Cerura Vinula

Pine Hawkmoth Caterpillar

Notodontid Moth Caterpillar

Blue Morpho butterfly

Morpho peleides catapillar

swallowtail butterfly caterpillar

Eastern Tiger Swallowtail

 

Spicebush Swallowtail Butterflies

Papilio troilus troilus

Acherontia atropos

Orgyia Clethrogyna Trigotephras Sicula

Postman Butterfly

Cimbicid Sawfly Caterpillar (Cimbex quadrimaculatus)

Larva di imenottero Symphita; forse, di Cimbicidae

Larvae of Abia sericea  Caterpillar of the Sawfly

Hag moth Caterpillar

Mottled cupmoth (Doratifera vulnerans)

Automeris tridens

Frangipani Hornworm & Giant Gray Sphinx moth larva & Tetrio Sphinx moth caterpillar

Cecropia Moth Caterpillar Molting

Hasora khoda

The caterpillar of the Red-tailed moth (Dasychira pudibunda)

Lepidoptera Family: Saturniidae This Southern Marbled Emperor caterpillar (Heniocha apollona),

Cabbage Tree Emperor Moth Caterpillar (Bunaea alcinoe)

Oleander Hawk Moth Caterpillar (Daphnis nerii, Sphingidae)

(Yellow Glassy Tiger)

Parantica aglea, the Glassy Tiger

A caterpillar of the Blue Glassy Tiger

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Octopodidae – Gurita

Family Octopodidae

 Bathypolypus arcticus
Eneteroctopus dofleini, Giant Pacific Octopus
Octopus briareus, Caribbean reef octopus
Octopus insularis
Octopus macropus (jpg)
Octopus mototi
Octopus vulgaris, Common octopus
Octopus rubescens, Red octopus
Octopus salutii
Hapalochlaena lunulata, a Blue ringed octopus

 

Bathypolypus arcticus,  hidup di kedalaman 200-600 di samudera Atlantik. Gurita ini sangat kecil dengan berat dewasa hanya mencapai 45 gram. Lebih kecil dari tangan kita. Gurita yang hidup di laut dalam tidak memiliki tinta, memiliki jumlah telur yang tidak banyak. Gurita betinanya menjaga telurnya selama 400 hari sampai menetas, dan selama itu gurita ini tidak makan dan menghabiskan energi dari tubuh mereka sendiri untuk menjaga telurnya. Dan mereka memiliki hidup yang lebih panjang dari pada gurita yang hidup di perairan dangkal. Rata2 berumur 3 tahun sedangkan gurita di perairan dangkal hanya setahun

Eneteroctopus dofleini, Giant Pacific Octopus, di temukan di Samudera Pasifik. Yang dewasa di temukan dengan berat 10-15kg, walaupun ada beberapa jenis di temukan dengn berat 272kg dengan lebar 10m. Berumur 3-5 tahun dengan temperatur 10°C. Betina bisa bertelur ratusan bahkan ribuan telur, yang mereka jaga selama 6 bulan hingga mati..

Octopus briareus, Caribbean reef octopus,  Gurita merupakan hewan nokturnal. Betina bisa bertelur hingga 500 butir selama bulan Januari

 

 Octopus insularis

 

 Octopus macropus

Octopus mototi – Kleptopus adalah gurita beracun yang suka bersembunyi di dalam cangkang kerang. Habitat mereka biasanya di pasir vulkanik yang berwarna hitam di kedalaman 12m dan jauh dari terumbu karang. Bisa berubah warna.

 

Octopus vulgaris, Common octopus   di temukan di perairan tropis atau semi tropis di kedalaman 200m. Paling sering di tangkap nelayan dan di jadikan kuliner. Berumur 12-18 bulan. Bisa bertelur 100rb – 500rb butir.  Aktif di siang hari dan pintar berkamuflase

Octopus rubescens – Red octopuses gurita kecil pemakan plankton.

Octopus salutii Memiliki tentankel yang panjang dan bisa menghasilkan 2rb-4rb telur.

Hapalochlaena lunulata, a Blue ringed octopus sangat beracun, bertelur 60-100 butir telur dan kecil

 

Coconut octopus – veined octopus, Habitat di dasar laut berpasir

 

Seekor gurita yang lagi menjaga anaknya

Octopus tetricus Gloomy Octopus

Sepioloidea lineolata, the Striped pyjama squid

SCAPHOPODA – Tusk Shells

Description:

 

Marine molluscs with a tapering, tubular, slightly curved tusk-like shell, that is open at both ends. The large end remains anchored in the sand by a cone shaped foot. Influent and outfluent streams take place at the narrow end. At the wider front end, a burrowing foot is generally extended.

 

The drawing of this thin shell, near bottom of page, shows its highly retractile, slender captacula. Like sticky fingers, secretions on the tips of the captacula pick up food particles for transfer to the mouth, which is deep inside the burrowing foot, at its anterior end (See Anatomy & Function).
About 350 species are known, most found in 6 meters or more of water, with a few species, only, found on shore. Cadula shells are typically 4 mm in length, whereas Dentalium shells up to 150 mm have been found off shore of Japan. Fossil species of Dentalium up to 300 mm, with a 30 mm diameter, are known. The shells are widely used for jewelry and are often massed in the beaded portions of  American Indian clothing decorations.

 

Classification

Class: Scaphopoda

Family: Dentaliidae

• Genus: Antalis
• Genus: Dentalium

Family: Siphonodentaliidae

• Genus: Siphonodentalium
• Genus: Cadulus
• Genus: Entalina

Family: Dentaliidae

Antalis agilis Antalis albatrossae Antalis antillaris Antalis ariannae Antalis boucheti Antalis cerata Antalis circumcincta Antalis dentalis Antalis entalis Antalis glaucarena Antalis inaequicostata Antalis inflexa Antalis longirostrum Antalis longitrorsa Antalis maestratii Antalis nana Antalis novemcostata Antalis panorma Antalis phanea Antalis porcata Antalis pretiosa Antalis rossati Antalis senegalensis Antalis taphria Antalis tibana Antalis vulgaris Antalis weinkauffi Coccodentalium carduus Compressidentalium compressiusculum Compressidentalium harasewychi Compressidentalium hungerfordi Compressidentalium legoffi Dentalium aciculum Dentalium aenigmaticum Dentalium agassizi Dentalium aprinum Dentalium bednalli Dentalium bisexangulatum Dentalium buccinulum Dentalium collinsae Dentalium congoensis Dentalium debitusae Dentalium elephantinum Dentalium grahami Dentalium hedleyi Dentalium javanum Dentalium laqueatum Dentalium majorinum Dentalium malekulaensis Dentalium mannarense Dentalium mutabile Dentalium neohexagonum Dentalium octangulatum Dentalium oerstedii Dentalium oryx Dentalium pluricostatum Dentalium regulare Dentalium rowei Dentalium strigatum Dentalium vallicolens Fissidentalium aegeum Fissidentalium amphialum Fissidentalium candidum Fissidentalium capillosum Fissidentalium complexum Fissidentalium exasperatum Fissidentalium horikoshii Fissidentalium kawamurai Fissidentalium levii Fissidentalium lima Fissidentalium magnificum Fissidentalium megathyris Fissidentalium metivieri Fissidentalium peruvianum Fissidentalium profundorum Fissidentalium salpinx Fissidentalium serrulatum Fissidentalium shoplandi Fissidentalium vicdani Fissidentalium yokoyamai

Family: Siphonodentaliidae

Bathycadulus fabrizioi Bathycadulus segonzaci Boissevainia mossiae Cadulus artatus Cadulus californicus Cadulus deschampsi Cadulus deverdensis Cadulus euloides Cadulus gibbus Cadulus gracilis Cadulus jeffreysi Cadulus labeyriei Cadulus lemniscoides Cadulus loyaltyensis Cadulus monterosatoi Cadulus nerta Cadulus ovulum Cadulus parvus Cadulus propinquus Cadulus rocroii Cadulus rossoi Cadulus subfusiformis Cadulus thallus Cadulus tumidosus Cadulus unilobatus Cadulus vincentianus Dischides belenae Dischides celeciai Dischides dichelus Dischides montrouzieri Dischides politus Dischides yateensis Gadila aberrans Gadila arctus Gadila austinclarki Gadila boucheti Gadila braziliensis Gadila brycei Gadila bushii Gadila celtica Gadila clavata Gadila desaintlaurentae Gadila divae Gadila dominguensis Gadila elenae Gadila elongata Gadila longa Gadila lozoueti Gadila monodonta Gadila nicklesi Gadila opportuna Gadila pandionis Gadila robusta Gadila sagamiensis Gadila senegalensis Gadila singaporensis Gadila tolmiei Gadila vanuatuensis Gadila watsoni Polyschides cayrei Polyschides cuspidatus Polyschides noronhensis Polyschides sakuraii Polyschides tetraschistus Polyschides tetrodon Polyschides wareni Sagamicadulus elegantissimus Siphonodentalium booceras Siphonodentalium dalli Siphonodentalium dalli antarcticus Siphonodentalium isaotakii Siphonodentalium

 

 

Veneridae – Venus Clams

 

Description

The family Veneridae has over 400 living species. It is one of the most colorful of the bivalve groups. Shape varies from circular to triangular, and from side view will appear as either ovate (egg-shaped) or cardioid (heart shaped) shells. Characterististics are: porcelain-like shell that is highly finished; a complex tooth structure in the hinge; a well developed escutchion and lunule; and, a well developed sinus at the pallial line. Spiny forms are comparatively uncommon in this family (See Pitar lupanaria below).

A folded gill structure that is extensively developed for filtering out small food particles is typical of this and other families in the Veneroida order.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorphia

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Veneracea

Family: Veneridae

 

Major Genera

• Genus: Agriopoma
• Genus: Amiantis
• Genus: Anomalocardia
• Genus: Antigona
• Genus: Callista
• Genus: Chamelea
• Genus: Chione
• Genus: Circe
• Genus: Circomphalus
• Genus: Cyclinella
• Genus: Dosinia
• Genus: Gafrarium
• Genus: Humilaria
• Genus: Macrocallista
• Genus: Mercenaria
• Genus: Meretrix
• Genus: Paphia
• Genus: Paradione
• Genus: Periglypta
• Genus: Pitar
• Genus: Protothaca
• Genus: Saxidomus
• Genus: Sunetta
• Genus: Sunettina
• Genus: Tivela
• Genus: Ventricolaria

• Genus: Venus

 

Amiantis callosa Amiantis purpurata Anomalocardia brasiliana Anomalocardia cuneimeris Anomalocardia flexuosa Anomalocardia puella Anomalocardia subrugosa Anomalodiscus squamosa Bassina disjecta Bassina jacksonii Bassina pachyphylla Bassina yatei Callista chinensis Callista chione Callista diemenensis Callista disrupta Callista erycina Callista erycinella Callista florida Callista grata Callista impar Callista kingii Callista maculata Callista multiradiata Callista phasianella Callista pilsbryi Callista planatella Callista semisulcata Callista spuma Callista umbonella Macrocallista nimbosa Agriopoma aequinoctiale Agriopoma arestum Agriopoma catharia Agriopoma mexicanum Agriopoma morrhuanum Agriopoma texasiana Agriopoma tomeanum Aphrodora kurodai Aphrodora nipponica Aphrodora noguchii Callocardia guttata Callpita eucymata Callpita frizzelli Chamelea gallina Chamelea striatula Austrovenus stutchburyi Chione californiensis Chione cancellata Chione compta Chione elevata Chione fructifraga Chione guatulcoensis Chione pigmaea Chione subimbricata Chione tumens Chione undatella Chionista fluctifraga Chionopsis amathusia Chionopsis gnidia Chionopsis lilacina Chionopsis ornatissima Chionopsis pulicaria Lirophora clenchi Lirophora kellettii Lirophora latilirata Lirophora mariae Lirophora obliterata Lirophora paphia Lirophora peruviana Choristodon cancellatus Choristodon robustus Circe corrugata Circe crocea Circe intermedia Circe lentiginosa Circe quoyi Circe rivularis Circe rugifera Circe scripta

 

Tridacnidae – Giant Clams

Description

True giants among the clams, some shells of the Tridacnidae family weigh in at 300 pounds and 3 feet in length. This large mollusc represents an evolutionary off-shoot of the cockle family, which has become highly specialized in both its structure and nutrition. The shell remains attached by a large byssus that, contrary to other clams, appears to emerge from a gap on the dorsal side, near the hinge (see picture at lower right). What has actually happened is that the hinge and umbones have migrated 180 degrees to the ventral position with respect to the internal organs. One adductor muscle has disappeared, and the mantle –actually, enlarged fleshy siphons– fills the entire fluted opening of the shell. All live vertically oriented with the hinge side down.

The mantle has brilliantly colored pigment spots that protect against excessive sun. Deeper, inside the blood sinuses, the trydacnas host millions of living symbiotic, microscopic algae, or zooxanthellae (“zoh-ox-anth-a-lee”). Light for photosynthesis is further focussed on the algae by transparent hyaline lenses along the siphon. The lenses are like those of siphonal “eyes” found in cockles. Although the clam is able to make use of filter feeding like other clams, the zooxanthellae photosynthesize large quantities of nutrient compounds. These products are used as food by the clam, and its excretory organs are correspondingly enlarged to handle a large nitrogenous load from algal metabolism. Where tridacna are found, the zooxanthellae play a key role in coral reef formation by providing food for many invertebrate organisms

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Tridacnacea

Family: Tridacnidae

Major Genera

• Genus: Hippopus
• Genus: Tridacna

Genus: Hippopus

hippopus          porcellanus

Genus: Tridacna

crocea               derasa                  evae                        gigas                    lorenzi

 maxima           elongata               mbalavuana        ningaloo          noae

rosewateri       squamosa           squamosina

Tellinidae – Tellin Clams

Description

The Rostrate Tellin shown at the right is paper thin. It was collected on the island of Honshu, Japan, in 1960, in a central location. In general, tellins have narrow, thin shells, and a wide blade-like foot. They can easily insert their foot into soft sands, and, since their body is also blade-like, they can withdraw below fast enough to escape a predator. 

 

Interestingly, tellins carry the oxygen carrying pigment, hemoglobin, in both their nerve ganglia and muscle cells. The myoglobin form of this pigment is found in muscles, giving them a bright red color. This property of assisted oxygen delivery to tissues is also found in a few other bivalves (see for example, Arcidae).

 

In contrast to most tellins, the Rasp Tellin shown below has a rather sturdy shell with a perisostracum that seems like it could serve as a rasp. 

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Tellinacea

Family: Tellinidae

Major Genera

• Genus: Apolemetus
• Genus: Gastrona
• Genus: Macoma
• Genus: Psammotreta
• Genus: Strigilla
• Genus: Tellina

Aenigmotellina nishimurai Ameritella felix Ameritella versicolor Angulus minuta Apolymetis intestriata Apolymetis meyeri Leporimetis cognata Leporimetis ephippium Leporimetis spectabilis Arcopagia balaustina Arcopagia crassa Arcopagia fausta Arcopagia isseli Arcopagia richardi Asthenometis asthenodon Atlantella distorta Bathytellina abyssicola Bathytellina citrocarnea Bosemprella incarnata Cadella smithi Coanyax pacifica Dellius georgianus Loxoglypta rhomboides Loxoglypta subpallida Loxoglypta transculpta Gastrana fragilis Gastrana matadoa Hanleyanus oblongus Herouvalia caelata Heteromacoma irus Idatellina idae Indotellina chariessa Iridona iridescens Jitlada arsinoensis Jitlada juvenilis Laciolina chloroleuca Macalia bruguieri Cymatoica orientalis Cymatoica undulata Jactellina hungerfordi Macoma balthica Macoma biota Macoma brota Macoma calcarea Macoma candida Macoma carlottensis Macoma cleryana Macoma constricta Macoma contabulata Macoma ecuadoriana Macoma elimata Macoma elytrum Macoma expansa Macoma extenuata Macoma golikovi Macoma hesperus Macoma inclinata Macoma incongrua Macoma indentata Macoma inornata Macoma inquinata Macoma lama Macoma lamproleuca Macoma levior Macoma limula Macoma lipara Macoma litoralis Macoma loveni Macoma lucerna Macoma medioamericana Macoma mitchelli Macoma moesta Macoma nasuta Macoma phenax Macoma pseudomera Macoma pulleyi Macoma retrorsa Macoma schultzei Macoma secta Macoma sectior

Spondylidae – Thorny Oysters

DescriptionDespite the similar common name, the thorny oyster molllusc is more closely related to the scallop. Like scallops and file clams, they have a well developed middle mantle that carries sensory tentacles with multiple eyes around the shell edges. Reflecting this rich endowment of sensory receptors, their cerebral and visceral ganglia have become much more concentrated, in the visceral region, and they show distinct optic lobes with nerve trunks to the mantle edges (Morton, 1960).

However, in common with the true oysters, thorny oysters live cemented to shells or other substrates as epifaunal species, rather than living attached by a byssus. Their  key shell characteristic is a ball & socket type hinge, rather than the more common toothed hinge of bivalves.

Classification  

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorpha

Order: Pterioida

Suborder: Ostreina

Family: Spondylidae

 

Single Genus: Spondylus

Spondylus albibarbatus Spondylus americanus Spondylus anacanthus Spondylus asiaticus Spondylus asperrimus Spondylus aurispinae Spondylus avramsingeri Spondylus butleri Spondylus calcifer Spondylus camurus Spondylus candidus Spondylus castus Spondylus chinensis Spondylus clarksoni Spondylus crassisquama Spondylus croceus Spondylus cruentus Spondylus deforgesi Spondylus depressus Spondylus eastae Spondylus echinatus Spondylus echinus Spondylus electrum Spondylus electus Spondylus erectospinosus Spondylus erinaceus Spondylus excavatus Spondylus exiguus Spondylus exilis Spondylus fauroti Spondylus flabellum Spondylus foliaceus Spondylus fragilis Spondylus gaederopus Spondylus gilvus Spondylus gloriosus Spondylus gravis Spondylus groschi Spondylus gussonii Spondylus hawaiensis Spondylus heidkeae Spondylus imperialis Spondylus jubalensis Spondylus lamarckii Spondylus layardi Spondylus leucacanthus Spondylus lima Spondylus linguafelis Spondylus longitudinalis Spondylus maestratii Spondylus microlepos Spondylus mireilleae Spondylus morrisoni Spondylus multimuricatus Spondylus mus Spondylus nicobaricus Spondylus occidens Spondylus ocellatus Spondylus orstomi Spondylus pickeringae Spondylus prionifer Spondylus proneri Spondylus raoulensis Spondylus reesianus Spondylus regius Spondylus rippingalei Spondylus roseus Spondylus senegalensis Spondylus setiger Spondylus sinensis Spondylus sparsispinosus Spondylus spectrum Spondylus spinosus Spondylus squamosus Spondylus tenellus Spondylus tenuispinosus Spondylus unicolor Spondylus vaillanti Spondylus variegatus Spondylus varius

Psammobiidae – Sunset Clams

Description
Psammobiid clams are generally considered an invasive species in Pacific Northwest waters, generally believed to have been carried in ship ballast water from the Korean peninsula and Japan. All are burrowing suspension feeders, with well-developed siphons. They are now widely distributed in the Northwest and even found in the upper intertidal zone where significant fresh water input is present. The clam is considered commercially to be a “soft-shelled” clam, with an easily breakable shell. Sea birds have been observed to feed by dropping the clams from height, and they are a valuable commercial food product.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Tellinacea

Family: Psammobiidae

 Major Genera

• Genus: Asaphis
• Genus: Gari
• Genus: Heterodonax
• Genus: Hiatula
• Genus: Psammobaea
• Genus: Sanguinolaria

 

Asaphis deflorata Asaphis violascens Gari amethystus Gari anomala Gari californica Gari castrensis Gari chinensis Gari circe Gari convexa Gari costulata Gari crassula Gari depressa Gari elongata Gari fervensis Gari galatheae Gari helenae Gari insignis Gari intermedia Gari juliae Gari kazusensis Gari kenyoniana Gari lata Gari lessoni Gari lineolata Gari livida Gari maculosa Gari maxima Gari minor Gari modesta Gari occidens Gari oriens Gari pallida Gari palmura Gari panamensis Gari pennata Gari pseudoweinkauffi Gari pulcherrima Gari radiata Gari rasilis Gari regularis Gari sibogai Gari solida Gari squamosa Gari stangeri Gari tellinella Gari togata Gari truncata Gari virescens Gari virgata Heterodonax bimaculatus Heterodonax pacificus Heteroglypta contraria Hiatula acuta Hiatula adamsii Hiatula alba Hiatula ambigua Hiatula atrata Hiatula biradiata Hiatula boeddinghausi Hiatula capensis Hiatula chinensis Hiatula clouei Hiatula connectens Hiatula diphos Hiatula lunulata Hiatula nitida Hiatula ovalis Hiatula rosea Hiatula siliquens Nuttallia ezonis Nuttallia japonica Nuttallia obscurata Nuttallia olivacea Nuttallia petri Psammotella bertini Psammotella cruenta Sanguinolaria cumingiana Sanguinolaria ovalis Sanguinolaria sanguinolentus Sanguinolaria tellinoide

Poromyidae

Description

Carnivorous Mini-Clams!

Species in the Order, Anomalodesmata, account for over 70% of all those benthic and abyssal clams that feed carnivorously or by scavenging tissue fragments –a mode of feeding that is unusual and not at all characteristic of the vast majority of bivalves.

Among the Anomalodesmata, the small deep water clam, Poromya granulata, (Superfamily: Poromyoidea) shown at right, is fairly typical in feeding behavior to other Superfamilies in this Order; e.g., the Verticordioidea and Cuspidarioidea. Many of the genera in these superfamilies have a similarly large, eversible inhalant siphon. The siphon can be quickly retracted with the prey, by strong retractor muscles that invert the cowl to bring food to the mouth. It is believed that the tentacles, which bear ciliary sense organs, are used to detect motion and thereby serve to locate prey. Moreover, the intestine is remarkably modified for digestion of large food fragments.

The classification system below follows that of Bouchet et al. (2010), in which the Anomalodesmata are now considered to be monophyletic, based on molecular analysis, anatomical analysis, shell morphology and shell microstructure; also, followed by the Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base (WMSDB).

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta
Infraclass: Euheterodonta

Order: Anomalodesmata

Superfamily: Poromyoidea

Family: Poromyidae

Major Genera

• Genus: Poromya

adelaidis           carinata               cymata               flexuosa                 granulata

hayashii            houbricki              lohaliensis         microsculpta      neozelanica

rostrata             sumatrana

 

Pinnidae – Pen Shells

Description

Keen, 1958, describes the Pen Shells as being slender, fragile, and so brittle that for protection they lie buried in mud with the pointed end down. They are anchored there by a tuft of fine fibers (byssal threads) which are secreted by glands of the foot. Keen further recounts the following fascinating history:

“The fine golden-brown byssal fibers of the Mediterranean Pinna were used to weave the legendary Cloth-of-Gold, a fabric that must have rivalled our finest synthetics, for a woman’s scarf of this material was said to be so flexible it could be rolled into a ball the size of a walnut. So much work was involved to harvest enough of the Pinnas and to process the fiber for weaving, however, that the cloth could be afforded only by royalty.”

 

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorpha

Order: Mytiloida

Superfamily: Pinnacea

Family: Pinnidae

Major Genera

• Genus: Atrina
• Genus: Pinna
• Genus: Streptopinna

Atrina

chinensis            fragilis                  hystrix                    inflata                 kinoshitai

lischkeana        maura                  oldroydii               pectinata             recta

rigida                  serrata                 squamifera           tasmanica           teramachii

texta                  tuberculosa           vexillum             zelandica

Pinna

bicolor          carnea                      cellophana           comancheana         seminuda

epica                   exquisita            incurva                 linguafelis           saccata

muricata            nobilis               robinaldina        rudis                   rugosa